Slavery at Tudor Place

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Enslaved People at Tudor Place

Tudor Place staff continue to research the full stories of those the Peters enslaved here; most of the information comes from property records of the Custis, Peter and Washington families.

Thomas and Martha Peter, like many property owners in early 19th century Georgetown, exploited the knowledge, labor and bodies of African Americans by participating in the system of slavery. As one of Martha Washington’s granddaughters, Martha Custis Peter inherited almost 100 enslaved individuals in two groups from the Custis estate; they are known as Custis Dower slaves.

Though people are not property, these individuals held in bondage were legally enslaved by Martha Washington’s first husband, Daniel Parke Custis (1711-1757), who died without a will. As both of his surviving children later died (daughter Patsy in 1773 and son John Parke “Jacky” Custis in 1781), these enslaved individuals became the property of Daniel Parke Custis’ grandchildren—Martha Custis Peter and her three siblings, Eliza Custis Law, Nelly Custis Lewis and George Washington Parke Custis.

Enslaved individuals were shared among the Custis, Peter and Washington families during different life events. Many of the Custis Dower slaves came from Hope Park, the Fairfax County plantation of Martha Custis Peter’s mother and stepfather. Martha Washington enslaved other individuals at Mount Vernon; many of these people married and had children with those who were legally enslaved by George Washington. A 17th century Virginia law declared that a child assumed the same status as its mother. Therefore, any child born to a woman with Custis Dower slave status also became a Custis Dower slave, regardless of the status of the father.

Upon her marriage, Martha Peter inherited a group of enslaved individuals from the Custis Dower slave lineage. A 1799 Mount Vernon census by George Washington listed 153 Custis Dower slaves. Upon the death of Martha Washington in 1802, those individuals were divided equally among Martha’s grandchildren, with Thomas and Martha Peter receiving 43 enslaved people. Although George Washington gave instructions in his will that, following Martha’s death, those he held in bondage should be emancipated, he was not able to manumit (voluntarily free) any Custis Dower slaves because he did not own them.

While some enslaved individuals were held in bondage at Tudor Place, most of them were forced to live and work on Thomas Peter’s other agricultural properties in Montgomery County, Maryland and Northeast DC. In 1820, the U.S. Census revealed that there were three adult men, three adult women and eight children enslaved on the Tudor Place property. A family tradition holds that a small frame building located on the northeast corner of the Tudor Place property was used as a dwelling for some of these people. This portion of the property was sold in 1854 when the estate was reduced in size.

The writings of Thomas and Martha Peter’s daughter Britannia W. Peter Kennon provide valuable information about the individuals the Peters enslaved, including several enslaved laborers who “lived out” — meaning they resided off the Tudor Place property. Additional research funded by the D.C. Humanities Council shed light on human ownership and trade by the Peter family. It also maps Georgetown sites central to African-American community life. Learn more here.

Though enslaved individuals had personal lives separate and entirely unknown to their enslavers, labor records are often the only information left. To learn more about how gaps in archival records contribute to the dehumanization of all enslaved peoples, click here.

Learn what archaeology revealed about possible slave dwellings at Tudor Place here and about home life here.

Ibby (ca. 1742-unrecorded)

Unknown position.

Ibby was a “Dower slave.” This term refers to a group of enslaved individuals who were enslaved by Daniel Parke Custis, and worked at the Mount Vernon farms during Martha Dandridge Custis’ marriage to George Washington. These enslaved people were inherited by Martha’s grandchildren when she passed away in 1802. Martha Peter of Tudor Place inherited around 100 individuals. Ibby appears on the 1796 patrimony list of enslaved individuals where she was identified as 54 years old and valued at £10. The list also included Ibby’s son, Will.

Patty Allen (ca. 1771-after 1831)

Cook. Patty resided off the property with her husband who was a free man. As Britannia recalled, “every morning–be the weather good or bad–she was in the kitchen at crack of day. What logs of wood she would pile into the great open fire place – and then, with the old Dutch oven, the crane and innumerable pots and kettles, such good things as she would send into the dining room!”

Will Twine (1784-1832)

Gardener. He lived off-property with his free wife. Died during the Cholera epidemic of 1832. His parents have not been identified, but the surname Twine appears on the other inventories of Custis Dower slaves.

Barbara Cole (ca. 1788-unrecorded)

Lady’s Maid. A Custis Dower slave who was brought to Thomas and Martha Peters’ K Street house in 1802. She was one of the seven children born to George, a slave at Washington’s Mansion House Farm, and his wife Sall Twine, a Custis Dower slave who was a field laborer at Dogue Run Farm. Barbara served as a lady’s maid to Britannia Peter Kennon and later as a nurse to Britannia’s daughter Martha “Markie” Kennon. After emancipation, Barbara took the last name Cole.

Elvy (ca. 1789-unrecorded)

Lady’s Maid. A lady’s maid for Britannia’s sister America P. Peter. Elvy appears on the 1796 Patrimony list of Custis Dower slaves, which notes her age then as seven years old and value as £23. She was presumably transferred to America P. Peter at the time of her 1826 marriage to W.G. Williams.

Will Johnson (ca. 1775-unrecorded)

Coachman.

Will was a “Dower slave.” This term refers to a group of enslaved individuals who were enslaved by Daniel Parke Custis, and worked at the Mount Vernon farms during Martha Dandridge Custis’ marriage to George Washington. These enslaved people were inherited by Martha’s grandchildren when she passed away in 1802. Martha Peter of Tudor Place inherited around 90 individuals, following Martha Washington’s death. The son of Ibby, Will served as the Peter family’s coachman and also tended the Smokehouse where he was responsible for curing and smoking meat. Conflicting records show his birth year as 1775 and 1781.

Stacia (c. 1814-c.aft 1892)

Maid/Nanny. An enslaved maid and nurse/nanny to Martha & Thomas Peter’s children (John Park Custis Peter, George Washington Peter, America Pinckney Peter, Britannia Wellington Peter) in the 1840s.

Stacia was born around 1814, which makes her about the same age as the Peter family’s youngest daughter, Britannia Wellington Peter (1815-1911). Stacia had two sisters, Elizabeth and Brythe. The sisters were separated when Elizabeth was given to America Pinckney Peter (1803-1842), Britannia’s older sister. As an enslaved household worker, Stacia’s labor primarily consisted of caring for the next generation of Peter family children. Following emancipation, Stacia chose to remain in Georgetown. Britannia kept in touch with Stacia and gave her small financial gifts, the last of which was recorded in 1892.

Hannah Pope (1829-1910)

Lady’s Maid. The daughter of Britannia’s maid Barbara (see above) and a white father who was a member of the Peter family, Hannah was part of the dowry that Britannia brought to her 1842 marriage to Beverley Kennon. Hannah remained with Britannia after Kennon’s 1844 death. In1845, Britannia sold Hannah to a Georgetown neighbor Col. John Carter because his slave Alfred Pope (1821-1906) wanted to marry her. Alfred Pope and Hannah married in 1847 and were both later freed in Colonel Carter’s 1850 will. After their emancipation, they remained in Georgetown where they resided with their ten children.

Charlie (unrecorded-1824)

Waited at table in the Dining Room; was also footman on the family carriage.

Annie Gray (unrecorded life dates)

Seamstress. The Peter family’s enslaved seamstress at Tudor Place, Annie lived with two children in a small wooden building located on the northeast corner of the Tudor Place property.

Brythe (unrecorded life dates)

Unknown position.

The sister of Stacia and Elizabeth, Brythe was given to America Pinckney Peter (1803-1842) as a wedding present by her father Thomas Peter in 1826.

Elizabeth (unrecorded life dates)

Nurse.

The sister of Stacia and Brythe, she was a nurse given to America Pinckney Peter (1803-1842) as a wedding present by her father Thomas Peter in 1826. In 1832, Elizabeth was taken to Cape Cod by America’s husband William G. Williams when he traveled there on a survey expedition and she subsequently escaped.

Nancey (unrecorded life dates)

Unknown position. The enslaved laundress at Tudor Place that Britannia Peter Kennon recalled from her childhood, ca. 1820-1830.

Emancipation of Slavery in the District of Columbia

Prior to the emancipation of slavery, slave auctions were common in the District of Columbia. Abolitionists decried the occurrence of this practice in the nation’s capital. The Compromise of 1850 abolished active slave trading within the District of Columbia but both Maryland and Virginia maintained active trades.

Slavery was legal in the District of Columbia until April 16, 1862 when President Lincoln signed the D.C. Emancipation Act (12 Stat. 376). The act provided for immediate emancipation and the compensation to loyal Unionist enslavers of up to $300 per slave and included voluntary colonization if the emancipated individual desired it. Enslavers who wanted to claim compensation had to file the necessary paperwork and swear an oath to the Union by July 15, 1862. Britannia Kennon, then owner of Tudor Place, was an ardent southerner so it is unsurprising that her name does not appear in the records of those slave owners who took the loyalty oath and received compensation.

President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. It declared that “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.” However, this proclamation only applied to those enslaved individuals living in Confederate states. Slavery was finally abolished in the entire United States, except as punishment for a convicted crime, on December 6, 1865 when the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution passed.

To learn more about emancipation in the District of Columbia, click here.